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Powering Science - Committee On Large Strategic Nasa Science Missions: Science Value And Role In A Balanced Portfolio - Bog - National Academies Press

Powering Science - Committee On Large Strategic Nasa Science Missions: Science Value And Role In A Balanced Portfolio - Bog - National Academies Press

NASA's Science Mission Directorate (SMD) currently operates over five dozen missions, with approximately two dozen additional missions in development. These missions span the scientific fields associated with SMD's four divisions—Astrophysics, Earth Science, Heliophysics, and Planetary Sciences. Because a single mission can consist of multiple spacecraft, NASA-SMD is responsible for nearly 100 operational spacecraft. The most high profile of these are the large strategic missions, often referred to as "flagships." Large strategic missions are essential to maintaining the global leadership of the United States in space exploration and in science because only the United States has the budget, technology, and trained personnel in multiple scientific fields to conduct missions that attract a range of international partners. This report examines the role of large, strategic missions within a balanced program across NASA-SMD space and Earth sciences programs. It considers the role and scientific productivity of such missions in advancing science, technology and the long-term health of the field, and provides guidance that NASA can use to help set the priority of larger missions within a properly balanced program containing a range of mission classes. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Balancing Strategic Missions3 Risks and Realities of Cost Overruns for Large Strategic Missions4 Comparing Large Strategic Missions and Smaller MissionsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Astrophysics Science Division MissionsAppendix C: Earth Science Division MissionsAppendix D: Heliophysics Science Division MissionsAppendix E: Planetary Science Division MissionsAppendix F: Biographies of Committee Members and StaffAppendix G: Acronyms

DKK 448.00
1

Steps Toward Large-Scale Data Integration in the Sciences - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Steps Toward Large-Scale Data Integration in the Sciences - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Steps Toward Large-Scale Data Integration in the Sciences summarizes a National Research Council (NRC) workshop to identify some of the major challenges that hinder large-scale data integration in the sciences and some of the technologies that could lead to solutions. The workshop was held August 19-20, 2009, in Washington, D.C. The workshop examined a collection of scientific research domains, with application experts explaining the issues in their disciplines and current best practices. This approach allowed the participants to gain insights about both commonalities and differences in the data integration challenges facing the various communities. In addition to hearing from research domain experts, the workshop also featured experts working on the cutting edge of techniques for handling data integration problems. This provided participants with insights on the current state of the art. The goals were to identify areas in which the emerging needs of research communities are not being addressed and to point to opportunities for addressing these needs through closer engagement between the affected communities and cutting-edge computer science. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction2 The Current State of Data Integration in Science3 Improving Current Capabilities for Data Integration in Science4 Success in Data Integration5 Workshop LessonsReferencesAppendixesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Workshop Participants

DKK 208.00
1

Review of the Need for a Large-Scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog -

Review of the Need for a Large-Scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures - National Academy Of Sciences - Bog -

The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), through the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), has proposed that a large-scale wind test facility (LSWTF) be constructed to study, in full-scale, the behavior of low-rise structures under simulated extreme wind conditions. To determine the need for, and potential benefits of, such a facility, the Idaho Operations Office of the DOE requested that the National Research Council (NRC) perform an independent assessment of the role and potential value of an LSWTF in the overall context of wind engineering research. The NRC established the Committee to Review the Need for a Large-scale Test Facility for Research on the Effects of Extreme Winds on Structures, under the auspices of the Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment, to perform this assessment. This report conveys the results of the committee's deliberations as well as its findings and recommendations.

DKK 279.00
1

Integrating Large-Scale Genomic Information into Clinical Practice - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Integrating Large-Scale Genomic Information into Clinical Practice - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The initial sequencing of the human genome, carried out by an international group of experts, took 13 years and $2.7 billion to complete. In the decade since that achievement, sequencing technology has evolved at such a rapid pace that today a consumer can have his or her entire genome sequenced by a single company in a matter of days for less than $10,000, though the addition of interpretation may extend this timeframe. Given the rapid technological advances, the potential effect on the lives of patients, and the increasing use of genomic information in clinical care, it is important to address how genomics data can be integrated into the clinical setting. Genetic tests are already used to assess the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, to diagnose recessive diseases such as cystic fibrosis, to determine drug dosages based on individual patient metabolism, and to identify therapeutic options for treating lung and breast tumors, melanoma, and leukemia. With these issues in mind and considering the potential impact that genomics information can have on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, the Roundtable on Translating Genomic-Based Research for Health hosted a workshop on July 19, 2011, to highlight and identify the challenges and opportunities in integrating large-scale genomic information into clinical practice. Integrating Large-Scale Genomic Information into Clinical Practice summarizes the speaker presentations and the discussions that followed them. This report focuses on several key topics, including the analysis, interpretation, and delivery of genomic information plus workforce, ethical, and legal issues.

DKK 253.00
1

Opportunities and Obstacles in Large-Scale Biomass Utilization - Chemical Sciences Roundtable - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Opportunities and Obstacles in Large-Scale Biomass Utilization - Chemical Sciences Roundtable - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Based on a one-day public workshop held in Washington, DC, Opportunities and Obstacles in Large-Scale Biomass Utilization: The Role of the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Communities: A Workshop Summary explores the current state of biomass utilization for bulk-production of sustainable fuels and chemicals. The discussion focused on the chemistry and chemical engineering opportunities to meet the aforementioned objectives. Both formal presentations and breakout working groups were components of the workshop in an effort to stimulate engaging discussion among participants from widely varying fields. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Overview2 Feedstocks and Conversion Technologies3 Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass via Biological Routes4 Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass via Thermochemical Routes5 Heat and Power Production from Biomass6 Final ThoughtsAppendixesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: BiographiesAppendix D: Workshop AttendeesAppendix E: Origin of and Information on the Chemical Sciences Roundtable

DKK 292.00
1

A Framework for Assessing Mortality and Morbidity After Large-Scale Disasters - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

A Framework for Assessing Mortality and Morbidity After Large-Scale Disasters - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press -

In the wake of a large-scale disaster, from the initial devastation through the long tail of recovery, protecting the health and well-being of the affected individuals and communities is paramount. Accurate and timely information about mortality and significant morbidity related to the disaster are the cornerstone of the efforts of the disaster management enterprise to save lives and prevent further health impacts. Conversely, failure to accurately capture mortality and significant morbidity data undercuts the nation's capacity to protect its population. Information about disaster-related mortality and significant morbidity adds value at all phases of the disaster management cycle. As a disaster unfolds, the data are crucial in guiding response and recovery priorities, ensuring a common operating picture and real-time situational awareness across stakeholders, and protecting vulnerable populations and settings at heightened risk. A Framework for Assessing Mortality and Morbidity After Large-Scale Disasters reviews and describes the current state of the field of disaster-related mortality and significant morbidity assessment. This report examines practices and methods for data collection, recording, sharing, and use across state, local, tribal, and territorial stakeholders; evaluates best practices; and identifies areas for future resource investment. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummary1 Introduction2 Value and Use of Mortality and Morbidity Data3 Operational Considerations for Individual Counts of Mortality and Morbidity4 Analytical Considerations for Population Estimates of Mortality and Morbidity5 Meeting the MissionAppendix A: Preliminary Literature Review StrategyAppendix B: Public Workshop AgendasAppendix C: Assessing Morbidity and Mortality Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study Illustrating the Need for the Recommendations in This ReportAppendix D: Integrating Community Vulnerabilities into the Assessment of Disaster-Related Morbidity and Mortality: Two Illustrative Case StudiesAppendix E: Committee and Staff Biographical Sketches

DKK 422.00
1

Deriving Drug Discovery Value from Large-Scale Genetic Bioresources - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Deriving Drug Discovery Value from Large-Scale Genetic Bioresources - Health And Medicine Division - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The process of discovering and developing a new drug or therapy is extremely costly and time consuming, and recently, it has been estimated that the creation of a new medicine costs on average more than $2 billion and takes 10 years to reach patients. The challenges associated with bringing new medicines to market have led many pharmaceutical companies to seek out innovative methods for streamlining their drug discovery research. One way to increase the odds of success for compounds in the drug development pipeline is to adopt genetically guided strategies for drug discovery, and recognizing the potential benefits of collecting genetic and phenotypic information across specific populations, pharmaceutical companies have started collaborating with healthcare systems and private companies that have curated genetic bioresources, or large databases of genomic information. Large-scale cohort studies offer an effective way to collect and store information that can be used to assess gene–environment interactions, identify new potential drug targets, understand the role of certain genetic variants in the drug response, and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of disease onset and progression. To examine how genetic bioresources could be used to improve drug discovery and target validation, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop in March 2016. Participants at the workshop explored the current landscape of genomics-enabled drug discovery activities in industry, academia, and government; examined enabling partnerships and business models; and considered gaps and best practices for collecting population data for the purpose of improving the drug discovery process. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Themes of the Workshop2 Maximizing Discovery Capabilities Through Cohort Design3 Discovery Activities Related to Genetic Bioresources4 Business Models That Support Bioresource Discovery and Collaboration5 Potential Next Steps in Using Genomics to Advance Drug DiscoveryReferencesAppendix A: Workshop AgendaAppendix B: Speaker Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Statement of TaskAppendix D: Registered Attendees

DKK 292.00
1

Small Populations, Large Effects - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Small Populations, Large Effects - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

In the early 1990s, the Census Bureau proposed a program of continuous measurement as a possible alternative to the gathering of detailed social, economic, and housing data from a sample of the U.S. population as part of the decennial census. The American Community Survey (ACS) became a reality in 2005, and has included group quarters (GQ)-such places as correctional facilities for adults, student housing, nursing facilities, inpatient hospice facilities, and military barracks-since 2006, primarily to more closely replicate the design and data products of the census long-form sample. The decision to include group quarters in the ACS enables the Census Bureau to provide a comprehensive benchmark of the total U.S. population (not just those living in households). However, the fact that the ACS must rely on a sample of what is a small and very diverse population, combined with limited funding available for survey operations, makes the ACS GQ sampling, data collection, weighting, and estimation procedures more complex and the estimates more susceptible to problems stemming from these limitations. The concerns are magnified in small areas, particularly in terms of detrimental effects on the total population estimates produced for small areas. Small Populations, Large Effects provides an in-depth review of the statistical methodology for measuring the GQ population in the ACS. This report addresses difficulties associated with measuring the GQ population and the rationale for including GQs in the ACS. Considering user needs for ACS data and of operational feasibility and compatibility with the treatment of the household population in the ACS, the report recommends alternatives to the survey design and other methodological features that can make the ACS more useful for users of small-area data.

DKK 292.00
1

Evaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Evaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives - Institute Of Medicine - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Every year, public and private funders spend many billions of dollars on large-scale, complex, multi-national health initiatives. The only way to know whether these initiatives are achieving their objectives is through evaluations that examine the links between program activities and desired outcomes. Investments in such evaluations, which, like the initiatives being evaluated, are carried out in some of the world's most challenging settings, are a relatively new phenomenon. In the last five years, evaluations have been conducted to determine the effects of some of the world's largest and most complex multi-national health initiatives. Evaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in January 2014 to explore these recent evaluation experiences and to consider the lessons learned from how these evaluations were designed, carried out, and used. The workshop brought together more than 100 evaluators, researchers in the field of evaluation science, staff involved in implementing large-scale health programs, local stakeholders in the countries where the initiatives are carried out, policy makers involved in the initiatives, representatives of donor organizations, and others to derive lessons learned from past large-scale evaluations and to discuss how to apply these lessons to future evaluations. This report discusses transferable insights gained across the spectrum of choosing the evaluator, framing the evaluation, designing the evaluation, gathering and analyzing data, synthesizing findings and recommendations, and communicating key messages. The report also explores the relative benefits and limitations of different quantitative and qualitative approaches within the mixed methods designs used for these complex and costly evaluations. Table of ContentsFront Matter1 Introduction and Overview of the Workshop2 Overview Framework for Complex Evaluations3 Framing the Evaluation4 Developing the Evaluation Design and Selecting Methods5 Mapping Data Sources and Gathering and Assessing Data6 Applying Qualitative Methods to Evaluation on a Large Scale7 Applying Quantitative Methods to Evaluation on a Large Scale8 Analysis Through Triangulation and Synthesis to Interpret Data in a Mixed Methods Evaluation9 Evolving Methods in Evaluation Science10 Lessons from Large-Scale Program Evaluation on a Not-Quite-as-Large Scale11 Using Evaluation Findings and Communicating Key Messages12 Envisioning a Future for EvaluationReferencesAppendix A: Statement of TaskAppendix B: Workshop AgendaAppendix C: Participant BiographiesAppendix D: Evaluation Information Summary for Core Example InitiativesAppendix E: Evaluation Design Resources Highlighted at the Workshop

DKK 318.00
1

Key Performance Indicators for Federal Facilities Portfolios - Federal Facilities Council Ad Hoc - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Key Performance Indicators for Federal Facilities Portfolios - Federal Facilities Council Ad Hoc - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

More than 30 federal departments and agencies with a range of missions and programs manage large inventories of facilities, also called portfolios. This study lays out a framework for developing and evaluating trends in facilities portfolio conditions, investments, and costs and identifies key indicators that can be used to track performance.

DKK 208.00
1

Assessing Medical Preparedness to Respond to a Terrorist Nuclear Event - Committee On Medical Preparedness For A Terrorist Nuclear Event - Bog -

Assessing Medical Preparedness to Respond to a Terrorist Nuclear Event - Committee On Medical Preparedness For A Terrorist Nuclear Event - Bog -

A nuclear attack on a large U.S. city by terrorists—even with a low-yield improvised nuclear device (IND) of 10 kilotons or less—would cause a large number of deaths and severe injuries. The large number of injured from the detonation and radioactive fallout that would follow would be overwhelming for local emergency response and health care systems to rescue and treat, even assuming that these systems and their personnel were not themselves incapacitated by the event. The United States has been struggling for some time to address and plan for the threat of nuclear terrorism and other weapons of mass destruction that terrorists might obtain and use. The Department of Homeland Security recently contracted with the Institute of Medicine to hold a workshop, summarized in this volume, to assess medical preparedness for a nuclear detonation of up to 10 kilotons. This book provides a candid and sobering look at our current state of preparedness for an IND, and identifies several key areas in which we might begin to focus our national efforts in a way that will improve the overall level of preparedness. Table of ContentsFront MatterWorkshop ReportAppendix A: Workshop AgendasAppendix B: Registered Workshop AttendeesAppendix C: Biographical Sketches of Workshop Speakers and PanelistsAppendix D: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members, Consultant, and Staff

DKK 364.00
1

The National Weather Service Modernization and Associated Restructuring - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The National Weather Service Modernization and Associated Restructuring - National Research Council - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

The Modernization and Associated Restructuring (MAR) of the National Weather Service (NWS) was a large and complex re-engineering of a federal agency. The process lasted a decade and cost an estimated $4.5 billion. The result was greater integration of science into weather service activities and improved outreach and coordination with users of weather information. The MAR created a new, modernized NWS, and, significantly, it created a framework that will allow the NWS to keep up with technological changes in a more evolutionary manner. The MAR was both necessary and generally well executed. However, it required revolutionary, often difficult, changes. The procurement of large, complex technical systems presented challenges in and of itself. The MAR also affected the career paths and personal lives of a large portion of the field office workforce. The MAR created a new, modernized NWS, and, significantly, it created a framework that will allow the NWS to keep up with technological changes in a more evolutionary manner. The National Weather Service Modernization and Associated Restructuring presents the first comprehensive assessment of the execution of the MAR and its impact on the provision of weather services in the United States. This report provides an assessment that addresses the past modernization as well as lessons learned to support future improvements to NWS capabilities.

DKK 279.00
1

Hurricane Elena, Gulf Coast - Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Hurricane Elena, Gulf Coast - Commission On Engineering And Technical Systems - Bog - National Academies Press - Plusbog.dk

Hurricane Elena, following an erratic and difficult-to-forecast course along an unusually large section of the Gulf Coast, posed special problems from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Sarasota, Florida, well before it came ashore on September 2, 1985. Considerable wind damage occurred in this area to structures that were ostensibly designed to resist such extreme wind conditions. Because similar design conditions and building control procedures exist along other U.S. hurricane-prone coasts, the conclusions drawn in this detailed book catalog the structural damage caused by the hurricane and emergency response actions, establish the wind conditions of the storm, review in-depth the building control process used in the area, and conduct necessary structural and wind tunnel tests relevant to a large number of communities along the coastal areas.

DKK 292.00
1